In the 19th century the rigid social structures of the estate-based society under absolutism were transformed in the direction of a modern civil society. France's successes after the revolution of 1789 demonstrated the advantages of patriotic citizens over dependent subjects.
During the period of crisis after 1806 reformers influenced by the Enlightenment and liberalism prevailed at the Prussian court. They introduced measures that provoked much disagreement, especially in rural East Prussia, but changed its social structure rapidly. For example, aristocratic landowners were now allowed to carry on bourgeois trades, while members of the bourgeoisie could in turn acquire estates.
The "wars of liberation" against Napoleon, dominated by national exuberance, also reduced social barriers. The military mobilisation had a traditional character so that commoners also served as officers, albeit rarely. With the "Iron Cross" a military medal was introduced which could be awarded to all ranks.
Illustration:
Max Kaehler, Wogenab manor house near Elbing (Elbląg), 1857
The romantic basic current of this time glorified a seemingly intact and stable world that was long since past. The changes in social structure brought about by the reforms, on the other hand, were particularly profound in rural areas. Estates were more profit-oriented, machines replaced traditional manual labour, and modern cultivation and breeding methods increased yields. Unprofitable farms, on the other hand, were subject to rapid changes of ownership.
Title quote: From the "Political Testament" of Baron von Stein in 1808, co-authored by Theodor von Schön.